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\n<\/figure>\n

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\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u5b8c\u5168\u6d78\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u4f2a\u88c5\uff0c\u662f\u591a\u4e48\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u5361\u5c3c\u73b0\u5728\u5728\u9b41\u7701\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n

\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u82f1\u8bed\u548c\u6cd5\u8bed\u6587\u5316\u5708\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b64\u5c9b\u201d\uff08Two Solitudes\uff09\u3002\u82f1\u8bed\u548c\u6cd5\u8bed\u6587\u5316\u7684\u9694\u9602\uff0c\u72b9\u5982\u67cf\u6797\u5899\u4e00\u822c\u5206\u88c2\u7740\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u793e\u533a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5835\u5899\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u903e\u8d8a\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u8d8a\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u52aa\u529b\u505a\u51fa\u8d8a\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u59ff\u6001\uff0c\u5c31\u5c06\u53d7\u5230\u5bf9\u9762\u793e\u533a\u7684\u70ed\u70c8\u6b22\u8fce\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\u5361\u5c3c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5927\u9009\u521a\u5f00\u9523\u6ca1\u51e0\u5929\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u5728\u9009\u6c11\u9762\u524d\u66b4\u9732\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5468\u4e8c\uff083\u670826\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u5361\u5c3c\u5728\u54c8\u5229\u6cd5\u514b\u65af\u7684\u4e00\u573a\u96c6\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u63d0\u5230\u4e861989\u5e7412\u67086\u65e5\u9707\u60ca\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u8499\u7279\u5229\u5c14\u6821\u56ed\u67aa\u51fb\u6848\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u67aa\u51fb\u662f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5eb7\u8003\u8fea\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\uff08Concordia University\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53ef\u8fd9\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u60e8\u6848\u53d1\u751f\u5730\u70b9\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u8499\u7279\u5229\u5c14\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\uff08\u00c9cole Polytechnique\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u6240\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8499\u7279\u5229\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6cd5\u8bed\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u5728\u9b41\u5317\u514b\u4eba\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u5f88\u91cd\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5df4\u9ece\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u53ef\u5361\u5c3c\u5374\u628a\u5b83\u5f04\u9519\u4e86\uff0c\u8bf4\u6210\u4e86\u5eb7\u8003\u8fea\u4e9a\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u6240\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n

\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5361\u5c3c\u8fd8\u628a\u4e00\u4f4d\u5e78\u5b58\u8005\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u8bfb\u9519\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u5a1c\u5854\u8389\u00b7\u73c0\u6c83\uff08Nathalie Provost\uff09\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u8bef\u8bfb\u4e3a\u201c\u666e\u7f57\u8bfa\u592b\u65af\u7279\u201d\uff08Pronovost\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u8054\u7cfb\u5230\u5361\u5c3c\u4e4b\u524d\u62d2\u7edd\u53c2\u52a0\u9b41\u5317\u514b\u6700\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7535\u89c6\u53f0TVA\u7684\u6cd5\u8bed\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u8d28\u7591\uff1a\u4ed6\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u7cbe\u82f1\u80cc\u666f\u662f\u5426\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4e0e\u672c\u571f\u5386\u53f2\u8131\u8282\uff1f\u6bd5\u7adf\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u9ad8\u9ad8\u5728\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ea\u987e\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u7565\u3001\u4e0d\u987e\u5176\u5b83\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u6b7b\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u573a\u76f4\u9762\u9b41\u5317\u514b\u6df1\u5c42\u6cd5\u8bed\u533a\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u672c\u53ef\u6210\u4e3a\u4e89\u53d6\u9009\u6c11\u7684\u5173\u952e\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u5361\u5c3c\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u6279\u8bc4\u5176\u201c\u6050\u60e7\u201d\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u9886\u8896\u535a\u52b1\u6cbb\uff08Pierre Poilievre\uff09\u751a\u81f3\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee3\u7f347.5\u4e07\u5143\u53c2\u8fa9\u8d39\u2014\u2014\u5361\u5c3c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u53c2\u52a0\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4eba\u4eec\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u5361\u5c3c\u6cd5\u8bed\u4e0d\u591f\u597d\uff1a\u4ed6\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u8db3\u591f\u65e5\u5e38\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f46\u9519\u8bef\u9891\u51fa\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u96be\u4ee5\u6253\u52a8\u9009\u6c11\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u8fd9\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

2011\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u9009\u4e2d\uff0c\u524dNDP\u9886\u8896\u6797\u987f\uff08Jack Layton\uff09\u5e26\u7740\u6d53\u91cd\u82f1\u8bed\u53e3\u97f3\u4ecd\u8d62\u9b41\u5317\u514b\uff0c\u6380\u8d77\u4e86\u201c\u6a59\u8272\u98ce\u66b4\u201d\u3002\u9b41\u5317\u514b\u4eba\u8fd8\u7ed9\u4e86\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u8bed\u7684\u6635\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u597d\u4eba\u6770\u514b\u201d\uff08Un bon Jack\uff09<\/p>\n

\u524d\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u603b\u7406\u54c8\u73c0\uff08Stephen Harper\uff09\u7684\u6cd5\u8bed\u4e5f\u50f5\u786c\u65e0\u6bd4\uff0c\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u91cc\u80cc\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u56e0\u53cd\u590d\u5c06\u201c\u00e9lection\u201d\uff08\u9009\u4e3e\uff09\u53d1\u97f3\u6210\u7c7b\u4f3c\u201c\u00e9rection\u201d\uff08\u52c3\u8d77\uff09\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u7b11\u67c4\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u7136\u800c\u5361\u5c3c\u73b0\u5728\u7ed9\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u662f\uff1a\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u89c6\u9b41\u7701\u548c\u6cd5\u8bed\u793e\u533a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fde\u4e00\u70b9\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u59ff\u6001\u90fd\u4e0d\u80af\u505a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u300a\u8499\u7279\u5229\u5c14\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\uff08Journal de Montr\u00e9al\uff09\u4e13\u680f\u4f5c\u5bb6 Jos\u00e9e Legault\u516c\u5f00\u6311\u6218\u5361\u5c3c\uff1a\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u516c\u5f00\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5728\u4f60\u66fe\u62c5\u4efb\u8d22\u653f\u90e8\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u592e\u884c\u884c\u957f\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6cd5\u8bed\u4ecd\u7136\u5982\u6b64\u751f\u758f\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u8d62\u5f97\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u4f60\u53c8\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u5584\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff1f<\/p>\n

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